Essay about The Bilecki Family Risked Themselves to Save...

The Bilecki Family Paralyzing terror and enduring agony bind the characteristics of the Holocaust together. It expressed man’s carnal barbarism to the fullest with the rarity of human kindness to illuminate the darkness bestowed. Thankfully, there were some people who preserved the hope for humanity’s future. (The Shalom Show on TV) The Bilecki family were a part of the remarkable men and women who risked their lives to preserve others. Their heroism shone while conserving the lives of twenty-three Jews. Though their lives have been mauled and battered beyond compare, they continued to live an honourable life after the destruction caused by the Holocaust. The Bilecki family with their grace and lenity is a role model worthy of following.†¦show more content†¦After a year without having the light of day reach their dimmed souls, the sounds of guns rang throughout the woods signaling the liberty of the clandestine Jews. The surviving Jews emerged from the safe haven finally feeling the reality of safety. As the war dwindled down, the Bilecki family lingered to their Polish home. Though they were rich in heart, the friction between the slips of tinted cash and the jangling of the metal coins were the only sound that seemed to be worth hearing. Sadly, for them there was a lack of it. The Jews that they saved acted as their guardian angel, as the Bilecki clan did for them. From all around the world, across the sea, the Jews kept them from malnutrition and naked chills. It wasn’t until 1998 that the secret of the Bilecki kindness was unveiled. Not only did they get the recognition they deserve, the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous had planned an infinitesimal surprise. Waiting, as the sounds of aircrafts roared, stood five of the survivors the Bilecki family had guided to asylum. The vulnerability of the raw moment was exposed as they shared their tears. The applause throbbed emphatically like the robust flapping of an angel’s wings. Their life saving feat did not go una cknowledged by the Righteous Among the Nations. Their unselfish deeds of valor and grace set themselves into being heroes. The Bilecki family are the epitome of a moral hero. Their

Analysis Of The Play Trifles By Susan Gillespe Essay

Women rights are the act of fighting for the idea that man and woman should have equal rights. â€Å"Throughout history woman generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men.† (Women s History in America Presented by Women s International Center) Mother hood seemed to be a women most significant profession. In the 20th century woman fought for a reevaluation of traditional views on their society. During the past 100 years’ women, civil rights have evolved. â€Å"Women have been viewed as a creative source to human life† (Women’s History in America Presented by Women s International Center). In the play, Trifles, by Susan Gillespe illustrates how women pay more attention to the little aspects of a situation then men do. In the film, Thelma and Louis, they both live two different worlds but realize nobody would believe women base on the circumstances. â€Å"Women were long considered weaker than men and unable to perform work requiring muscular development†. (Women’s History in America Presented by Women s International Center) By gaining the indecency from their husbands, women could make more decisions in their marriage and become housekeepers. For example, the women performed duties such as washing clothes, washing dishes, cooking, and helping with the farm. If a woman wanted to earn a living, they had to either become a seamstress or own a boardinghouse. Acceptable jobs would be working in a factory or domestic work and becoming a writer or a teacher. Very

Creative Writing †Happyness (Partial) Free Essays

â€Å"Mother, I can not wait for school today!† At four years old I shouted this with excitement and glee, wonderful thoughts sprung into my mind and bounced around it like hot air in a balloon. Nothing could burst my bubble and I was determined to make a excellent impression on my new and caring teacher. It was my first day at primary school and I was to be introduced into reception. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Writing – Happyness (Partial) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Miss Campsten, a young and friendly lady took my hand and led me into the strange yet curious room. I could see a dozen toddler faces gleaming up at me. It was all so inviting and fresh. Only then had I realised these were my new classmates. I scanned the room for a play mate and saw what I was sure was a sobbing boy. He moaned and groaned in the corner of the room behind a creaking wooden door. I shuffled slowly over and plucked up the courage to ask him â€Å"Will you play with me?† He twisted his head upwards to face me and smiled, I knew this was the start of a friendship which would seem to never end. Slowly but gradually he started to come out of his shell frequently talking to me like a shy tortoise. Playing in the deep and spacey sandpit was great. I used to pick up the sand and let it slide through my fingers acting as if it was a human sieve. Ben copied me and laughed at my stupid thinking in an amused matter. I did not really mind as long as it kept him happy. I was always confused about why he was so depressed that morning. The curiosity was biting at me like an impatient gnat. Miss Campsten explained, Ben, was suffering home sickness and had also been admitted that morning into school. At this age I did not believe this excuse, how could you be home sick at school? How could you not be excited?! I was buzzing like a bee around the classroom collecting worksheets and doing simple errands for Miss Campsten. It was overwhelming, I had no time to stop and think, learning numbers and the alphabet was challenging enough. Things were flowing nicely at school, new friends, great respect from my teacher and most of all a brilliant learning experience. The afternoon only just got better! We had taken a trip to the school gardens which led down a long, windy path to a greenhouse. The greenhouse was perfectly sound and stable with beautiful plants adorning it. The vast space inside was fascinating. Plant pots and crockery lay perfectly around the sides of the greenhouse on clear glass shelves. Ben and I screamed in delight! Delicately we picked an orchid to deliver as a gift to Miss Campsten, our teacher we were surprisingly fond with only after a few hours. The orchid embellished stunning features with its striking purple leaves and its long elegant stem. Perfection to a tee! â€Å"Home time children!† she said while clapping her hands enthusiastically. Oh no! The day had flown by in a flash. Ben and I exchanged grins of cheerful spirit because we had to explore so much more tomorrow. How to cite Creative Writing – Happyness (Partial), Papers

Native Americans (332 words) Essay Example For Students

Native Americans (332 words) Essay Native AmericansSweat lodges were a basic component of Native American life. The NativeAmerican completed a purification ceremony in these sweat lodges. This ritualdealt with purifying the human body and soul. The layout of the sweat lodge, thepractice of the purification ceremony, and the symbolism in each of these thingsare all part of Native American rituals The Navaho used to call sweat lodgestqache. They are made out of birch willow branches and resemble a beehive. Outside of the sweat lodges is a fire used to heat rocks. A dirt path from thefire outside goes through the door leading to the fire inside. The door isalways facing toward the east. In the middle of the sweat lodge is a hole withthe heated rocks from the fire outside. Sweat baths are filled with symbolism. Sweat represents the washing away of physical and moral impurities. Thisceremony is meant to revitalize and allow the person to be born anew. The lodgeis an image of the universe. The rocks inside symbolize the center of theuniverse. The heated rocks in the fireplace represent the Mother Earth. Thestream created by pouring water over the rocks symbolizes the Thunder Being. Theparticipants purify themselves with rocks, fire, water, earth and air. Thepractice of the purification ceremony is essentially a sweat bath. When thestones in the fire outside are hot enough they are brought in. The participantschant and sit in silence. After this is done, a mixture of water, sage grass,cedar, and pine needles is poured onto the hot rocks. This produces a hot vaporbath that leaves the fragrance of burning needles and grass. This practice canbe done many times a day. There are always sweat baths before importantceremonies, warpaths, or the signing of treaties. This ritualistic ceremonyshows many of the beliefs about Gods relationship with the earth and humans. This purification ceremony put the American Indians in a frame of mind to makeimportant decisions. The layout, practice, and symbolism in the sweat lodges area major part of Native American rituals.

My Role Model free essay sample

Many people like a friend, a family member or even a celebrity a little bit more than the other people that are close to them, because they want to be like them in order to have a similar behavior, personality or even reach their goals like those people did in the past. We call those people role models. My role model is my mum.She cares about her family and friends as much as she can. She is always kind and everyone that meets her likes her immediately. She achieves the goals that she sets to herself and that is what I want to do too. Although sometimes she comes across people that are not that close to her or do not really like her or a member of her family, she will never show them that she dislikes them or she is not enjoyingtheir company. My mother always knows what is right and what is wrong and she always gives me advice for things that concern me. We will write a custom essay sample on My Role Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I love it when we sit down together and talk about random stuff and it would be my pleasure ifI will ever have the chance to do something like this with my child in the future. She never makes me do something that I don’t want but, she explains to me why it would be good if I did. In conclusion, I believe that my mother is one of the kindest and most loving person that I will meet in my entire life and I am so glad that she is my mother because I know that she will support me and love me no matter what might happen in the future. I do not believe that I will ever be as good as her but I will as much as I can.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Judicial Review)

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Judicial Review) Marbury v Madison is considered by many to be not just a landmark case for the Supreme Court, but rather the landmark case.  The Courts decision was delivered in 1803 and continues to be invoked when cases involve the question of judicial review. It also marked the beginning of the Supreme Courts rise in power to a position equal to that of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government. In short, it was the first time the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.   Fast Facts: Marbury v. Madison Case Argued: February 11, 1803Decision Issued:  February 24, 1803Petitioner:  William MarburyRespondent:  James Madison, Secretary of StateKey Questions: Was President Thomas Jefferson within his rights to direct his Secretary of State James Madison to withhold a judiciary commission from William Marbury whod been appointed by his predecessor, John Adams?Unanimous Decision: Justices Marshall, Paterson, Chase, and WashingtonRuling: Though Marbury was entitled to his commission, the Court was unable to grant it because Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with Article III Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution and was therefore null and void. Background of  Marbury v. Madison In the weeks after the Federalist president  John Adams lost his bid for reelection to Democratic-Republican candidate  Thomas Jefferson in 1800, the Federalist Congress increased the number of circuit courts. Adams placed Federalist judges in these new positions. However, several of these Midnight appointments were not delivered before Jefferson took office, and Jefferson promptly stopped their delivery as President. William Marbury was one of the justices who was expecting an appointment that had been withheld. Marbury filed a petition with the Supreme Court, asking it to issue a writ of mandamus that would require Secretary of State James Madison  to deliver the appointments. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice  John Marshall, denied the request, citing part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. Marshalls Decision On the surface, Marbury v. Madison was not a particularly important case, involving the appointment of one Federalist judge among many recently  commissioned. But Chief Justice Marshall (who had served as Secretary of State under Adams and was not necessarily a supporter of Jefferson) saw the case as an opportunity to assert the power of the judicial branch. If he could show that a congressional act was unconstitutional, he could position the Court as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution. And thats just what he did. The Courts decision actually declared that Marbury had a right to his appointment and that Jefferson had violated the law by ordering secretary Madison to withhold Marburys commission. But there was another question to answer: Whether or not the Court had the right to issue a writ of mandamus to secretary Madison. The Judiciary Act of 1789 presumably granted the Court the power to issue a writ, but Marshall argued that the Act, in this case, was unconstitutional. He declared that under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, the Court did not have original jurisdiction in this case, and therefore the Court did not have the power to issue a writ of mandamus.  Ã‚   Significance of Marbury v. Madison This historic court case established the concept of Judicial Review,  the ability of the Judiciary Branch to declare a law unconstitutional. This case brought the judicial branch of the government on a more even power basis with the legislative and executive branches. The Founding Fathers expected the branches of government to act as checks and balances on one another. The historic court case Marbury v. Madison accomplished this end, thereby setting the precedent for numerous historic decisions in the future.

Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critique - Article Example This scenario is more rampant for parents with children below the age 8. At this age a child does not have the psychological strength to endure the psychological and physical stress associated with self medication. This fact has made parents very significant figures in ensuring children are in the proper psychological strength to undergo this medication. The significance of this research is also based on educational purposes. Analysts argue that parents are in need of proper handling skills to their diagnosed children. On many occasions parents undergo much stress in trying to understand and handle the responsibility that come sun aiding small children in administering insulin. In this article, effective sources have been cited and analyzed to show the outcome of the results done on the research problem. The used source for reference help in directing the research problem wave that is aimed at addressing and changing the modes in which parents are educated in handling their T1D patie nt children (NIH Public Access, 2011). The depth of the problem has been put into perspective by considering the number of causalities medical institution handle in terms of bad handling of diabetic children. Additionally, the depth of the problem was analyzed by the number of parents and children who enrolled in the coping skills training programs (NIH Public Access, 2011). ... The other objective of the research case was to show the impact of the recommended solutions. This is effectively done by a proper data analysis technique. The data provided in this particular research gives an insight of how significant CST programs are in improving handing techniques in parents with children diagnosed by T1D. Additionally, the article compares the results and significance of group educational intervention for parents and CST programs. The comparison is then projected in data form on the most influential strategy by ensuring parents have the most effective handing skills for their children. The general objective of the paper was to provide an insight on various methods of enhancing parents’ coping skills and the significance and effectiveness of each method implemented (NIH Public Access, 2011). The framework used in this particular research problem is effective and clear enough to provide a clear insight of the effectiveness of different coping skills. In ge nerating the working framework, the author came up with a strategic framework from creating a background on the problem, highlighting the objectives of the paper, the method of measurement of results and collecting date, analyzing the data collected and discussing the most suitable recommendation to be implemented (NIH Public Access, 2011). Additionally, the frame work is also based on proving that group based interventions for parents of children with T1D reduces the effects of treatment management improve the way they cope and they quality of life. The validity of the study design is supported by research instruments based on the reaction of both patients and parents. The first

The Sarbanes-Oxley Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Sarbanes-Oxley Effect - Assignment Example Major financial scandals which involved big companies such as Enron and Worldcom gave a strong impetus towards bringing in SOX act. Most of these scandals took place in companies which aggressively pursued all the common principles of accounting, hence scandals in such places were also a big set back for the market investors. Therefore a strong need was felt to bring in a stringent law that would not only keep a tab on financial reporting but also help in rebuilding investor's confidence. The main aim of SOX is to improve the accuracy and reliability of financial disclosures by corporates and to ensure integrity in their financial reporting. The act also imposes severe penalties and punishments for the CEOs and CFOs of the firms which fail to adhere to its requirements. There have been numerous studies and researches on this subject. Keeping in lieu with SOX intention of increasing financial accuracy, Cohen report of 2005 suggests a steady increase in financial accruals before SOX and a reversal in this trend post-SOX. Heflin and Hsu paper (2004) indicates a significant decline in the use of non-GAAP earning measures and a probability that disclosed earnings either exceed or meet expectations post SOX. Â  

Risk and quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk and quality management - Essay Example Tutor Signature: Date: Task 1 Introduction The following report includes the description of the term quality management and the term risk management. The report also includes the description of importance of these concepts at different stages of a project. The report also includes the description of BS ISO 10006-2003 and its adequacy with respect to the different stages of a project. The report also includes the suggestion as how this standard can be improved. Finally a conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the overall analysis. Quality management Quality management can be said to be the process of management of the quality of the project under consideration. Quality management has different definitions with respect to different businesses and processes. A project can be said to be a temporary endeavour having a defined beginning and end, which is undertaken with predefined objectives and goals, so it is vital for the effective attainment of objectives to manage the quality of th e project. The main aim behind quality management is to attain all the project objectives and goals by effectively honouring the preconceived constraints of the project and managing the quality of the objectives or results under consideration (Kerzner, 2010). ... Risk management Risk management can be said to be a simple process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to the factors associated with risks during the life of the project under consideration. Risk management, in simpler terms, can be said to be the controlling of the risk factors and the possibilities of the risky events and handling them in a proactive manner rather than in a reactive manner. Risk management includes two steps: the assessment of risks and the control of risks. The risk assessment is the process performed at each level of the project; the control of the processes is performed at stages when the implementation is done and the performance is derived from the standards set. Risk management is the vital step which needs to be performed at each stage of the project, so that the project can be accomplished with the available resources and so that the prescribed objectives can be achieved (Maylor, 2003). Prince 2 (Projects in Controlled Environment) This is a process- based method, which is highly effective in the management of projects. This is a de facto standard, which is extensively utilized by the government of UK and is also used in the private sectors for the management of the projects. The PRINCE2 provides greater control of resources, and this also helps manage the project risks and business risks in a more effective manner. PRINCE2 aids in several areas of project management: the justification of the business or project purpose; defining of the organization structure which aids the project management team; planning-based approach; emphasis on the project by dividing it into manageable and controllable stages and by outlining its specified structure. This method is highly

The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay

The Four Main Sources Of Islamic Law Religion Essay Abstract: This chapter deals with the four main sources of Islamic Law. Its goal is to introduce some of the prevailing concepts of Islamic thought and to analyse the different disciplines and opinions that shape the practice of Islam today. It is known that there are four Muslim schools of thoughts. However, each differs in their interpretations . The primary sources, accepted universally by all Muslims, are the Quran and the Sunnah. It is however, in fields that they are silent that the secondary sources are to be used, thus the Ijma (consensus of opinion of scholars) and the Qiyas(laws derived through analogical deduction -analogy). Introduction: In the eighth century, a difference in legal approach arose amongst Islamic thinkers in two prevailing schools of thought. The traditionalists (ahl al-hadith) relied solely on the Quran and the Sunnah (traditions) of the Prophet as the only valid sources for jurisprudence, emanating from Medina. The non traditional approach (ahl al-ray) relied on the free use of reasoning and opinion in the absence of reliable ahadith, heralded in iraq . The difference in technique is because in Medina, there was an anundance of reliable ahadith that scholars could depend from, since the prophet lived the 1o yrs of his life there. On the other hand, the non traditionalist jurists had to depend on analogy as the sources were not as reliable in Iraq. The jurists had therefore to decide which of the Prophets actions and decisions were religiously binding and which were a mere function of his personal discretion. In general, the traditionalists eventuallt lent legislative significance to much of the Prophets decisions, where as the other school of thoughts tended to distinguish between the various roles that the Prophet played in his life. The sources of Islamic law was thus,Quran, Sunnah , ijma and qiya Throughout history these sources wereused in descendind order by muslim jurists in determining the legality of an issue. If the legality was not based on an explicit command in the quran, then the jurists would turn to the explicit commands in the hadith. Quran is the religious text of Islam. It is believed to be the word of God transmitted through the Prophet Muhammad.  [1]  The Sunnah is considered to be the religious actions, quotations and approvals of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, which was narrated through his Companions and Shia Imams. The Quran and the Sunnah state clearly the course of action that a Muslim should follow. Quran The Arabic word Quran is derived from the root qaraa, which means to read or to recite. Quran is the holy book of Islam. Muslims  believe that the Quran is the final revelation of Allah, that is, the literal word of God, revealed to the Prophet  Muhammad. The Quran was written and preserved during the life of Muhammad, and compiled soon after his death. The Quran consists of  114  surahs  (chapters) with over 6,000  ayat,(verses). However the exact number of ayat is disputed due to different methods of counting. The Quran is the first and most important source of Islamic law. The scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political and  economic  basis on which a society should be constructed. Muslim jurists agree that the Quran in its entirety is not a legal code; rather its purpose is to lay down a way of life which regulates mans relationship with others and God.  The verses of the Quran are categorized into three fields: science of speculative theology, ethical principles and rules of human conduct. The third category is directly concerned with Islamic legal matters which contains about five hundred verses or one thirteenth of it. The task of interpreting the Quran has led to various opinions and judgments. The interpretations of the verses by Muhammads companions for Sunnis and  Imams  for Shias are considered the most authentic, since they knew why, where and on what occasion each verse was revealed. The sharia, foundations of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The bulk of Quranic matter consists mainly of broad, general moral directives as to what the aims and aspirations of Muslims should be, the ought of the Islamic religious ethic. The most important external aid used in interpreting the meanings of the Quran is the  Hadith   the collection of Islamic traditions from which the details of early Islamic history are derived. The Shariah, foundatiosn of Islamic law, are derived from verses from the Quran. The Quran consists mainly of broad general moral directives that provide for the aims and objectives of a muslim. Essentially(#) because the directives are so broad, interpretation takes on a significant role, there have been so many different interpretations of the quran, claims widely read and revered Islamic thinker Abdul Aala Maududi that there is hardly to be found any command with an agreed interpretation. Nevertheless, the authenticity of quran has never been questioned by any muslim scholar or institution. Textual Criticism and the Quran Higher biblical criticism revolutionized Judaism and Christianity by calling into question long-held assumptions about the origins of the Bible; some ambitious textual critics are attempting to do the same for the Quran. They claim that parts of the Quran are based on stories of the  Tanakh  (Hebrew Bible), the  New Testament  of the  Christian  Bible, and other non-canonical Christian works; differences of the biblical to the Quranic versions suggest to some scholars that these stories were not taken directly from written texts but seem rather to have been part of the oral traditions of the Arab peninsula at Muhammads time. To Muslims, however, this explanation is topsy-turvy: the non-canonical Jewish and Christian stories are simply further textual corruptions of an otherwise nearly lost divine original reflected in the Quran. These critics also seek to find evidence of text evolution and transcription disputes in early Islam; the results have been meager, but some have expressed hopes that recent discoveries of Quran Graveyards in Yemen will throw more light on the subject. Belief in the Qurans direct, uncorrupted divine origin is fundamental to Islam; this of course entails believing that the Quran has neither errors nor inconsistencies. (This is the book in which there is no doubt, a guide to the believers: Surat  al-Baqarah, verse 2.) However, it is well-known that certain chronologically later verses supersede earlier ones the banning of wine, for instance, was accomplished gradually rather than immediately and certain scholars have argued that some verses which discourage certain practices (for instance,polygamy) without banning them altogether should be understood as part of a similar process, though others argue that this contradicts This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen for you Islam as your religion (5.3). As to the basic message of the Quran, there are three fundamental points, repeated and restated throughout the work. They are as follows: this present physical life is a test; the afterlife is certain; our actions in this present life have consequences in the next. 1.2 Sunnah The Sunnah is the second source of Islamic law. Sunnah is an Arabic word which means Method. It was applied by the Prophet Muhammad as a legal term to represent what he said, did and agreed to. Its authority is derived from the text of the Quran. The Quran says, For you the life of the Prophet is a model of behaviour  (Al-Quran 33:21) Many of books of traditions were compiled by the companions of the Prophet. These were later on incorporated in the great collections of Hadith (i.e. traditions) of Bukhari, Muslim etc. The collectors of the traditions adopted a very scientific system in collection the Traditions. They did not record any tradition except with the chain of narrators. Every tradition gives the names of the last narrator of the tradition from whom he learnt the tradition and so on back to the Prophet or Companion of the Prophet. The Sunnah which is established through reliable narrators is fully dependable as legal element. The sunna of the Prophet generally means tradition and includes the following three categories: sayings of the Prophet; his deeds; and his silent or tacit approval of certain acts which he had knowledge of. The record of the Prophets words and deeds were recorded in narrative ahadith, reports that were transmitted before finally being compiled in authoritative collections decades after the death of the Prophet. Muhammad brought the Quranic teachings ti life through his interpretation and implementation. The Quran and Sunnah are complementary. The meaning of the Quran is general in nature, the Sunnah makes it specific and particular. The Sunnah explains the instructions of the Quran. The Quranic injunction is sometimes implicit, the Sunnah makes it explicit by providing essential ingredients and details. Ijma and Qiyas derive their value or authority from the Quran and the Sunnah. Therefore, they are called dependent sources. 1.3 Ijma The third source of law, Ijma or the consensus of scholars signifies the importance of delegated legislation to the Muslim community. The Muslim society requires such a rule making power to meet the practical problems for the implementation of Islamic Shariah (Islamic Law). Ijma has been technically defined as the consensus of the jurists of a certain period over a religious matter. Ijma is considered a sufficient evidence for action because the Prophet if Islam said, Muslim will never agree on a wrong matter. As such the agreement of the scholars of Islam on any religious matter is a source of law in Islam (Ref: Principles of Islamic Jurispredence by M. Hashim Kamali). Ijma or unanimous agreement Ijma constitutes the unanimous agreement of a group of jurists of a particular age on a specific issue and constitutes the fourth and final source of law in Shafiis methodology. If questions arose about a Quranic interpretation or an issue where no there no guidance from either the Quran or sunna, jurists applied their own reasoning (ijtihad) to come to an interpretation. Through time, one interpretation would be accepted by more and more doctors of law. Looking back in time at the evolved consensus of the scholars, it could be concluded that an ijma of scholars had been reached on this issue. 8 Unfortunately, unanimous agreement rarely happened among intellectual elite and since there were always diverse opinions, one could always find several scholars of the day who concurred on an issue. Also, the definition of ijma and which ijma would be considered valid was a point of contention, because ijma is not simply the consensus of all past jurists. Besides, using the concept of ijma po ses the problem of having to look to the past to solve the problems of the future, and scholars of yesteryear didnt wrestle the same issues that are challenging Muslims today. 1.4 Qiyas or analogy qiyas, is the fourth important source of Islamic law, is reasoning by analogy. In order to apply qiyas to similar cases, the reason or cause of the Islamic rule must be clear. For example, because the Quran clearly explains the reason that consumption of alcohol is prohibited (because it makes the user lose control of his actions), an analogy can be drawn to drugs which induce the same affect. But because the Quran does not specifically state the reason why pork is prohibited, Muslims cannot justify banning another meat product with a similar cholesterol level, etc. The use of analogies greatly varied among scholars; for example, Spains Ibn Hazm (10th century) who was formidable proponent of the Zahiri school, rejected the use of qiyas, whereas Imam Abu Hanifa of the Hanafi school (8th century) applied them extensively. Qiyas or analogy is resorted to in respect of problems about which there is no specific provision in the Quran or the Sunnah of the Prophet. In such issues, the scholars have derived law through analogical deduction on the basis of the provisions of the Quran and the Sunnah on some similar situation. The scholars have developed detailed principles of analogical deductions or Qiyas in the books of Islamic jurisprudence. Qiyas is a kind of Ijtihad. The Prophet has permitted Ijtihad which literally means to exert. Technically it means to exert with a view to form an independent judgement on a legal issue. Ijtihad is the Islamic method of facing the new situations and problems in the light of the general principles of the book of Allah SWT), the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet or the Sunnah. Apart from Qiyas, there are other methods of Ijtihad such as Istihsan (that is the juristic preference from different interpretations) and Masalaha (that is moral consideration). In addition to the above sources, the practices of the Khulafa-e-Rashidun (the first four rulers of Islam), the decisions of the judges and the customs of the people are also considered sources of Islamic law in matters which are not spelled out in the Quran and the Sunnah. Conclusion: However the traditions of the prophet have been questioned for their authenticity. It was also debated as to what extent were the traditions religiously imperative(look for word). The use of analogies was greatly debated. Also there was little unanimous agreement among the Islamic scholars about the inexplicit issues.

Beautiful by Christina Aguilera Essay example -- Music Essays

"I am beautiful no matter what they say words can't bring me down I am beautiful in every single way yes, words can't bring me down so don't you bring me down today" - Christina Aguilera What exactly does Christina Aguilera try to convey? According to her words along with personal interviews of the true meaning of this stanza in her song, Beautiful, Christina Aguilera approaches the reader and listener with her profound emotions. She perceives that through immense pressure and criticism, she is still "beautiful." Her tone in this song is at first mellow, but when she comes to the stanza of this song, she deliberately raises her voice to emphasize her genuine feelings. The tone describes her want and need for her thoughts to be truly heard. She wants the listener to capture her essence and the view of herself. In this specific stanza, she explains that s...

Plato †Philosophy Essay

Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]

Difference Between Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Fascism

Difference Between Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Fascism Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government. And defining different forms of government isnt as easy as it might seem.   The governments of all nations have an official form as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook. However, a nation’s own description of its form of government can often be less than objective. For example, while the former Soviet Union declared itself a democracy, its elections were not â€Å"free and fair† as only one party with state-approved candidates were represented. The USSR was more correctly classified as a socialist republic. In addition, the boundaries between various forms of government can be fluid or poorly-defined, often with overlapping characteristics. Such is the case with totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism. What is Totalitarianism? Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany September 1937. Fox Photos/Getty Images Totalitarianism is a form of government in which the state’s power is unlimited and is used to control virtually all aspects of public and private life. This control extends to all political and financial matters, as well as the attitudes, morals, and beliefs of the people. The concept of totalitarianism was developed in the 1920s by Italian fascists who attempted to put a positive spin on it by referring to what they considered totalitarianism’s â€Å"positive goals† for society. However, most Western civilizations and governments quickly rejected the concept of totalitarianism and continue to do so today. One distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is the existence of an explicit or implied national ideology, a set of beliefs intended to give meaning and direction to the entire society. According to Russian history expert and author Richard Pipes, Fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini once summarized the basis of totalitarianism as, â€Å"Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.† Examples of characteristics that might be present in a totalitarian state include: Rule enforced by a single dictatorThe presence of a single ruling political partyStrict censorship, if not total control of the pressConstant dissemination of pro-government propagandaMandatory service in the military for all citizensMandatory population control practicesProhibition of certain religious or political groups and practicesProhibition of any form of public criticism of the governmentLaws enforced by secret police forces or the military Typically, the characteristics of a totalitarian state tend to cause people to fear their government. Rather than trying to allay that fear, totalitarian rulers tend to encourage and use it to ensure the people’s cooperation. Early examples of totalitarian states include Germany under Adolf Hitler and Italy under Benito Mussolini. More recent examples of totalitarian states include Iraq under Saddam Hussein and North Korea under Kim Jong-un. What is Authoritarianism? Fidel Castro circa 1977. David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images   An authoritarian state is characterized by a strong central government that allows people a limited degree of political freedom. However, the political process, as well as all individual freedoms, is controlled by the government without any constitutional accountability In 1964, Juan Josà © Linz, Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Yale University, described the four most recognizable characteristics of authoritarian state as: Limited political freedom with strict government controls imposed on political institutions and groups like legislatures, political parties, and interest groupsA controlling regime that justifies itself to the people as a â€Å"necessary evil† uniquely capable of coping with â€Å"easily recognizable societal problems† such as hunger, poverty, or violent insurgencyStrict government-imposed constraints on social freedoms such as suppression of political opponents and anti-regime activityThe presence of a ruling executive with vague, loosely defined and shifting powers Modern dictatorships, such as Venezuela under Hugo Chvez, or Cuba under Fidel Castro, typify authoritarian governments.   While the People’s Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong was considered a totalitarian state, modern-day China is more accurately described as an authoritarian state, because its citizens are now allowed some limited personal freedoms. It is important to summarize the main differences between totalitarianism and authoritarian governments. In a totalitarian state, the government’s range of control over the people is virtually unlimited. The government controls nearly all aspects of the economy, politics, culture, and society. Education, religion, the arts and sciences, even morality and reproductive rights are controlled by totalitarian governments. While all power in an authoritarian government is held by a single dictator or group, the people are allowed a limited degree of political freedom. What is Fascism? Rarely employed since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism is a form of government combining the most extreme aspects of both totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Even when compared to extreme nationalistic ideologies like Marxism and anarchism, fascism is typically considered to be at the far-right end of the political spectrum. Fascism is characterized by the imposition of dictatorial power, government control of industry and commerce, and the forcible suppression of opposition, often at the hands of the military or a secret police force. Fascism was first seen in Italy during World War I, later spreading to Germany and other European countries during World War II. Historically, the primary function of fascist regimes has been to maintain the nation in a constant state of readiness for war. Fascists observed how rapid, mass military mobilizations during World War I had blurred the lines between the roles of civilians and combatants. Drawing on those experiences, fascist rulers strive to create a rabidly nationalistic culture of â€Å"military citizenship† in which all citizens are willing and prepared to take on some military duties during times of war, including actual combat. In addition, fascists view democracy and the electoral process as an obsolete and unnecessary obstacle to maintaining constant military readiness and consider a totalitarian one-party state as the key to preparing the nation for war and its resulting economic and social hardships. Today, few governments publicly described themselves as fascist. Instead, the term is more often used pejoratively by those critical of particular governments or leaders. The term â€Å"neo-fascist† is often used to describe governments or individuals espousing radical, far right political ideologies similar to those of the World War II fascist states.

Open-mindedness is the future

Open-mindedness is the future Free Online Research Papers Open-mindedness is the future â€Å"Racism isn’t born, folks, it’s thaught. I have two-year-old son. You know what he hates? Naps! End of list† This quote is written by Dennis Leary and I agree, racism and prejudice are usually not words that can be found in a little boy or girl’s dictionary. However I think a lot of people automatically creates a defence against what isn’t exactly similar to themselves, instead of open up and try to learn something about the other culture. I think it’s the competitor switch that goes on and they want to prove themselves as better than the other. I know a lot of people who denies being racists, but makes jokes and talks degrading about foreigners and different cultures. I think that it has never been less racism than it is today. My grandmother is more prejudiced than me, probably because she wasn’t used to foreigners when she was young. That is an example that proves that we’re are not born with racism, but the defense against what’s new goes on. Racism has been in progress for decades, Europeans took Africans as slaves the races and Hitler tried to wipe out all the Jews. These are just some of the examples and mostly it was white people who tried to prove themselves as the better ones. We have white groups as Ku Klux Klan, and black groups as Black Panthers who are driven by hate against other races. Almost as long as people can remember it has been some kind of fence between the different cultures, most clearly against black and white. I think media can be blamed for a lot of the hate going on today. After 11 September they have presented the Middle East as one big terrorist organization. And a lot of European countries is influenced by America. We are watching American movies, TV shows and news that of course represents Americans as angels and Iraqis as devils. I don’t think it’s many ambulatory people that haven’t heard Bush’s nickname for the Middle East, â€Å"The axis of evil†. It has probably been in every newspaper and TV station in the western world. When many people find it much easier to just listen to the leader instead of drawing own conclusions, the hating just goes on. It’s true that there are a lot of illegal foreigners who is hiding in Norway and are working black. Of course that creates frustration among Norwegians, but it doesn’t mean that everybody is like that. Most of them are legit workers that deserves to live here just as much as anybody else. What about the Norwegians who moves to Gran Canary with full social security, but at the same time is stealing jobs from the locals. Of course the natives are furious. We don’t like being compared to those few criminal Norwegians, so we shall not take for granted that all foreigners in Norway are bad people. There are different people in every country. I understand that people were skeptical for 200 years ago, but in a modern, internationalized community like today it won’t work. Research Papers on Open-mindedness is the futureWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Exam 3 - Essay Example Another aspect that makes the two considerably akin to each other is the way they fashioned their conclusions. The former concludes that ‘hers is a valuable necklace,’ while the latter ends by saying ‘students should not be given entire freedom in choosing elective courses.’ Both are not accurate conclusions as their premises are not also logically aligned and factually acceptable. A contradiction to the principle of modus ponens, such premises were not true as prior validation is required for both claims to be recognized (Surhone, Timpledon, & Marseken, 2010). As already mentioned, the extrapolation that college freshmen do not have adequate knowledge of what makes a good education is a blatant falsity. It is a fallacy at work when it is not yet evidenced that these segments of society are wholly devoid of the grasp as to what are the essential components of their college education. Conversely, it can also be not totally evinced that every single item in Ti ffany’s is of the highest value and is of the loftiest price, as validations from reliable authorities are needed to establish these to counter such bandwagon (marketing) tactics.

Claires Antiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Claires Antiques - Essay Example It should be noted that as the company currently has a level limited of resources, only one of these alternatives will be chosen. To aid in the decision making, this presentation will utilize a Net Present Value (NPV) analysis to the projected cash flows of both projects. Considering that cost of capital may vary from Claire's antiques expectations, we will also employ sensitivity analysis to look at the value of the two alternatives' NPVs in different cost of capital. We will further assume that the risk-based cost of capital is 10% and that the project has a tax rate is 40%. Also, the company will be using straight line depreciation method to adjust the book value of the facility. Another assumption is that, the company will be using either North or West Warehouse for five years, after which the facility will be sold in cash in its book value or salvage value. Also, this presentation assumes the depreciation expense is not yet included in the presumed annual fixed costs. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment or project. NPV is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows (Net Present Value 2006). If the NPV is positive, the investment is accepted. In contrast, negative NPV means that an project is not profitable. The evaluation of the alternatives begins with the laying out of the expected cash flows. In an NPV analysis, cash outflows and inflows are further discounted to take into account the time value of money. After that, the NPVs of the two options are compared. Based on the data given by the private firm, North Warehouse will have the following cash flows for 5 years: 1. advertising expense of $140, 000 in year 0 2. sales revenue in year 1 is $650, 000 and will grow at an annual rate of 7% 3. contribution margin is 55% of the total revenue 4. annual fixed cost is $100, 000 5. $1, 500, 000 investment in facility 6. estimated salvage value of $125, 000 7. yearly depreciation of $275, 0001 Table 2 shows the discounted cash flows from the first alternative. Please note that the figures in black are inflows of cash while the figures in red indicate the opposite. Total Cash outflow and outflow for the fiscal year are discounted using the present value factor. Table 2. Cash Flows of Option 1: North Warehouse Option 1 or using the North Warehouse yields a positive NPV of $7, 181.00 utilizing a risk-adjusted cost of capital of 10%. Evaluation of Option 2: West Warehouse Based on the data given by the private firm, North Warehouse will have the following cash flows for 5 years: 1. incur an advertising expense of $150, 000 in year 0 2. sales revenue in year 1 is $900, 000 and will grow at an annual rate of 8% 3. contribution margin is 45% of the total revenue 4. annual fixed cost is $120, 000 5. $1, 700, 000 investment in facility 6. estimated salvage value of $120, 000 7. yearly depreciation of $316, 0002 Table 3 shows the cash flow/inflow of Option 2 which is the West Warehouse. Based on the cash

Female Songwriters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Female Songwriters - Essay Example With more efforts being instituted in closely examining the appeal of a particular musical composition through time, music enthusiasts aver that female songwriters of contemporary times use language in a distinctly different way from the majority of male songwriters. It is therefore the aim of the current essay to compare the song lyrics written by two female songwriters: Jewel and Sheryl Crow, with the songs written by two male songwriters: John Mayer and Jason Mraz. The songs written by the female songwriters, â€Å"Who Will Save Your Soul† by Jewel and â€Å"Strong Enough† by Sheryl Crow sends the message that the subject of salvation presented for reflection by being more aware of one’s personal actions and behavior. On the other hand, Sheryl Crow’s â€Å"Strong Enough† is directed to men being asked the question of being strong enough for women in times of struggles, challenges, and difficulties. There are similarities in mentioning religion an d reference to God but at the same time, there is a message that focuses on the eminent strength of women when times indicate the need to rely on their own. The songs written by male songwriters, â€Å"Your Body is a Wonderland† by John Mayer and â€Å"I Won’t Give Up† by Jason Mraz focus on the message being given or relayed to women.

Philosophy assignment one Essay Example for Free

Philosophy assignment one Essay Aristotle begins the study of politics with the household and its parts as the parts of the whole, the city, is composed. His discussion of the family gives three kinds of rule that is found in the household, master over slave, husband over wife and father over child. Aristotle provides an intellectual and rational means to the good life and the best society, or politics is autonomous and self-sufficient, that is, it is an activity independent of other spheres of human endeavor, and thus a sphere possessing knowledge and a technique independent of other forms of knowledge. To Aristotle community is based on reason. So, to Aristotle the polis and the logos are inextricably interwoven. The expansion or acquisition of property could be said to be internal dissension and internal strife, which deems salutary to the power and growth of Rome while laments the strife and factionalism that was a direct cause contributing to the fall of the republic. This stress on strife and conflict is significant in that is shows that the internal conflict over acquisition is transformed into an external conflict for acquisition. Aristotle’s view of society called the substantial form or the soul of the human body was conceived in such a way that the human being was seen to depend on the community for the satisfaction of its needs. Natural law forms the basis of all positive law, and whenever a positive legal stipulation contradicts this natural law, it loses its legal validity. It is possible to deduce objective natural law, valid for humanity as a whole, from teleological ethical basic principle. Aristotle defends politics by considering whether human beings are natural slaves and by repelling the economic view that all nature is the property of man. With property and money in Aristotle’s opinion, nature does require and permit property, but she does not require humans to acquire many possessions for the sake of their economic wellbeing. She may, however, require and permit the pursuit of another kind of wealth in virtually unlimited quantities. The tools, or wealth, that human beings use are secured by the art of moneymaking. But how human beings use wealth and therefore to some extent how much they use would seem to be determined by the household manager. So it is somewhat unclear whether moneymaking is properly the same as, a part of, or a subsidiary of household management. Both the household and the city are properly concerned with the perfect preservation of human beings and their rulers presumably acquire and use all things for that end. Nature has made all things for the use of human beings. We need as much of what moneymaking provides us as is necessary for life and for the good life secured in the household and the city. If the things that human beings can possess or use are of great variety, as indeed they seem to be and if it is the task of moneymaking to contemplate where useful things and property come from, then moneymaking must contemplate virtually all of visible nature and seek its cause or causes. However useful to economics and politics moneymaking may be, the study of nature or natural philosophy, to which moneymaking gives rise might return to its beginnings in economics. Human beings can use their skills to acquire nourishment and the store of things useful for life and the good life in various ways, nature seems to facilitate their consumption of her resources. Humans and other animals are said to be able to procure nourishment with ease and even according to their choice. Humans can combine various nourishments and the means of procuring them in order to live more pleasantly. Among the perfectly acceptable mans are robbery, the use of all inferior beings in nature, and even war against intransigent inferiors. These means are not contrary to nature and do not amount to expropriation from a hostile nature. Nature seems to sanction these means as necessary. When nature’s selfishness becomes all too apparent a second kind of acquisition comes into being. Nature’s failure to guarantee the self-sufficiency of each individual necessitates exchange. Although not by nature, exchange is according to nature, fir it serves her end of preservation. True moneymaking emerges reasonably from exchange or barter but becomes something different. Exchange, especially with foreigners is facilitated by the invention of money. Once its value has been agreed upon and signified by an impression on its face, money becomes the measure and standard for the value of the necessary things traded. Money and all other things come to be used to make more money and the generation of money from money, or interest, becomes comparable to natural genesis. Moneymaking and devotion to money, it appears, are as limitless as the natural human desires for life and pleasure. Money assumes central importance because it is thought to ensure satisfaction of the original desire for preservation carried to its logical conclusion, the desire for immortal happiness. Aristotle acknowledges that the culmination of moneymaking in usury is hated, but he himself does not condemn the unlimited form of moneymaking. He even teaches the art of trade, a form of moneymaking. He does, however, contend that it is an error to equate money with true wealth. Locke contends that there is a natural law derived from reason regulating the relations of individuals in the natural condition. The law of nature contains three distinct but interrelated commands. Locke claims that the power to execute the natural law is every mans, whereby each individual has the right to punish anyone who violates the natural law by threatening one’s self-preservation or harming another in their life, liberty or possessions. In regards to private property it involves both the explicit renunciation of property claims and implicit recognition of the equality of the private party to agreements. Locke may mean no more than that any explicit agreement with another regarding one matter includes implicit recognition of the property integrity of the various parties. Locke may intend a more expansive construction of the meaning of implicit recognition such that any explicit assertion of property integrity by one state produces an implicitly renunciation by that state of any property claim against any other. Locke assumes that every individual must have property of its own.

Studying and Treating the Communicative Dyad Essay -- Medical Conditio

Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects not only the communication of the individual but also the communication of the people who interact with the individual on a regular basis. Language intervention, therefore, should include a component of training and educating the caregivers as well as the person with aphasia (Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005). In recent years, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have begun to take more of a social context approach to aphasia intervention, making it more functional for the client and including the caregivers through training (Turner & Whitworth, 2006). Many studies have investigated different types of caregiver training programs and their effectiveness on improved communication between the person with aphasia (PWA) and his or her caregiver (Hopper, Holland, & Rewega, 2002; Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005; Turner & Whitworth, 2006). While these studies suggest that caregiver training programs improve the communication dyad, there is little existing evi dence to suggest that skills learned through these programs generalize to settings outside of the therapy room. The types of caregiver training programs, the programs’ effectiveness, and their long-term outcomes have been reviewed by Turner and Whitworth (2006). There were three major types of conversation partner training (CPT) programs that the researchers identified in the available literature. One type was Conversation Analysis motivated therapy, which encourages collaborative conversation, and the communication partners shape their responses based on the previous conversational turn. In this manner, both conversational partners have a responsibility to do their part in achieving a successful interaction. Another type of CPT examined in the rev... ...econd, this study may provide further support for the benefits of actively including the spouse or caregiver in therapy. Finally, it may provide a detailed training program that SLPs can use when training caregivers and loved ones of people with aphasia that could be used as part of the therapeutic process in addition to traditional therapy aimed at improving the communication of the person with aphasia. Works Cited Hopper, T., Holland, A., & Rewega, M. (2002). Conversational coaching: Treatment outcomes and future directions. Aphasiology, 16(7), 745-761. Purdy, M., & Hindenlang, J. (2005). Educating and training caregivers of persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 19, 377-388. Turner, S., & Whitworth, A. (2006). Conversational partner training programmes in aphasia: A review of key themes and participants’ roles. Aphasiology, 20(6), 483-510.

Genocide in Sudan Essay -- Africa Political History

Since gaining its independence in 1956 from the United Kingdom and Egypt, Sudan has been a country stricken with violence. This violence continues on even today in the form of genocide. The genocide committed in this country has horrified the international community for the last 15 years. According to the Washington Post, over 450,000 Sudanese have died as a result of fighting, famine, or disease since 2003 alone. There are several factors that contribute to the all out violence between the Sudanese people. The first factor is the multicultural make up of the Sudan. Sudan is a country with hundreds of tribes that do not see themselves in a nationalistic light. This is a major cause of the internal fight of Sudan. The second is China’s influence over Sudan. China is currently the largest importer of Sudan’s natural resources, and has supplied North Sudan with arms and finances. China has also ignored most of the UN sanctions placed against Sudan. The third is Sudan’s neighboring countries. Most of these countries have experienced some sort of turmoil themselves over the last 20 years, and contribute to a good portion of displaced persons found in Sudan. Unless the Sudanese can address these factors, violence will continue in the Sudan. Firstly, one must consider the multicultural composition of Sudan. Being the largest country in Africa, Sedan has approximately 600 tribes within their borders. Tribes in the North are considered Arab tribes, and tribes in the South are considered African or non-Arab. Many of these tribes have unique cultures of their own. Take South Sudan for example, according to Peter Gatluak of the Sudan Vision Daily, â€Å"They do not see themselves as South Sudanese... ...nter for Transitional Justice , 1. Deeb, S. E. (2011). North Sudan faces its likely truncated future. Associate Press , 1. Gatluak, P. C. (2011). Focus on the South. Sudan Vision Daily , 1. noted, N. a. (2008, Feb 22). China defends arms sales to Sudan. BBC News , p. 1. Noted, N. A. (2007, May 9). Darfour watch: China, Russia still supplying weapons used in attacks. The World Tribune , p. 1. Noted, N. A. (2011, Jan 15). South Sudan referendum wraps up. Bloomberg News , p. 1. Noted, N. (2010, Decmber 1). South Sudan’s secession will rid the country from 3 "lousy neighbors": official. Sudan Tribune , p. 1. Solomon, L. (2010, Dec 09). Lawrence Solomon: To Islam’s dismay, a new oil nation is born. Financial Post , p. 1. State, U. D. (2010). Travel Warning, Chad. US Department of State. Walker, R. (2010, Nov 20). Hello country number 193. The Economist , p. 1.

Mckinsey Report July 2012

Day of reckoning for European retail banking McKinsey report July 2012 The dynamics of the global banking sector have been in flux since the beginning of the 2008. Irate creditors everywhere have called for more stringent regulation to ensure that that the interests of financial institutions are more closely aligned with those of their customers and shareholders. The global, European and national authorities have responded with vigour and the regulatory reform to which all banks, wholesale and retail, will be subject in the coming years will have an important impact on their bottom line. The single biggest cause of a reduction in retail banks’ ROE will come from the global regulatory mechanism Basel III, which will place greater capital requirements on banks and more emphasis on adequate funding and liquidity. Furthermore, three important European regulatory instruments, the EU Mortgage Directive, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), Payment Service Directive, will also considerably diminish ROE. Finally, the implementation of new national regulation will create further downward pressure on ROE, though this will vary considerably from country to country. This report provides estimates on the impact on capital, revenues, costs and profit margins of all the relevant regulations on each product (both asset- and liability-based) in each of the four biggest European markets – France, Germany, Britain and Italy – which combined constitute 66% of the EU27 retail-banking market. ROE is the standard metric used and the report calculates the cumulative effect of all regulation as if it were all put in place immediately, using 2010 as the baseline year. The paper reaches some important conclusions. Firstly, with regard to national and continent-wide retail banking markets, ROE will fall from approximately 10% to 6% when all four markets are taken as a whole. Below is a breakdown of the effect in each of the national markets: Country France Germany Italy UK ROE Pre-Regulation 14% 7% 5% 14% ROE Post-Regulation 10% 4% 3% 7% Delta -29 -47 -40 -48 The impact in the UK is particularly caustic as national regulation is extensive. In terms of the effect of regulation on the different product offerings of retail banks, asset-based products are generally the harder-hit. In the UK and France, mortgages and small-business loans will be the most adversely affected. Similarly in Germany mortgages, personal and small-business loans will be the most negatively influenced. In Italy, the value of every asset-based product will be impaired. The disheartening truth of the matter is that across the board the ROE of asset-based products will fall below 10%, which is currently the estimated cost of equity for retail banks. On the other hand, liability-based products will prove more resilient. Deposits will become more valuable to retail banks as they are an advantaged form of funding and liquidity under new regulation. Geographically speaking, in France and Germany only investment products and debit cards will be negatively affected and in Italy most liability-based products will escape relatively intact. However, once again domestic regulation in Britain will play a role in reducing retail banks’ ROE, to the extent that all liability products in the UK will be adversely affected. An important section of the report discusses global systemically important financial institutions (GSIFIs). Such pecuniary establishments are considered too interconnected and universal to be subject to the new regulation imposed on smaller-scale retail banks. The Financial Stability Board has therefore proposed additional capital requirements for G-SIFIs, which will induce a further reduction of their ROE of anywhere between 0. 4 percentage points and 1. 3 percentage points depending on the institution. In addition, it will be obligatory for all G-SIFIs to prepare a recovery and resolution plan (RRP) that will provide a strategic map for authorities to wind down the bank in the event of dissolution. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is also developing new global rules on risk IT for G-SIFIs which are expected to be issued by the end of 2012. Such regulation will mean that these organisations will be subject to exhaustive supervision and many ad hoc requests, thus amplifying costs and absorbing management resources. The general conclusion of this paper is that it is improbable that banks across the board in Europe will return to pre-regulation ROE levels in the short to medium term. The UK will be particularly adversely affected due to its inflexible domestic regulation. Nevertheless, the paper proposes four mitigative measures retail banks can employ in order to cushion the blow of new regulatory forces on their ROE levels. The first is â€Å"Technical Mitigation†, which essentially involves improving efficiency of capital and funding. Secondly, â€Å"Capital – and funding-light operating models† seek to further improve funding efficiency and reduce risk-weighted assets (RWAs) by implementing changes to their product mix and characteristics and ensuring more vigorous pursuit of collateral and better outplacement of risk. Thirdly, and although they will be severely limited in doing so by regulatory authorities, banks can execute â€Å"repricing† in order to compensate the shortfall in ROE. The paper predicts more repricing in fragmented industries, which implies that the scale of repricing will be limited in the UK, a highly concentrated industry. Types of repricing include new fee-based pricing, modular pricing, partial performance remuneration and value-added packages. Finally, and perhaps most dramatically, financial institutions can engage in â€Å"Business-Model Alignment. Such restrategizing would involve two principle shifts. The first centres on a new, rigorous focus on ROE in retail banks, meaning greater investment in management systems and strengthening their resource allocation processes. The second important shift can be denoted as â€Å"Sustainable Retail Banking,† and comprises four key elements: expansion into new revenue sources, creation of advice for which customers w ill pay, reconfiguration and refocusing of the distribution system to render it leaner and simpler and cutting absolute costs by 20 – 30%. By exercising the above levers, retail banks can create a bulwark against the weight of new regulation and cushion the inevitable reduction in their ROE. Anticipatory forward-planning of mitigation measures is central in adapting to the new regulatory environment engulfing retail banking and will help banks that are fully committed to returning to pre-regulation ROE levels to achieve their post-regulatory reform potential.

10 Research Essay Topics on Quantitative Policy Analysis

10 Research Essay Topics on Quantitative Policy Analysis If you need facts to help you write a quantitative policy analysis for education, health, or any other topic, consider the ten facts below: Literature has suggested that unstable family situations such as poor parents’ marital relationship may have adverse effects on the growth of the children, with the adolescent stage showing critical signs of such influence. Concerns such as the incarceration or marital status of the parents tend to affect the performance of adolescent children. Adolescents tend to express the resultant stress in different ways, with most various psychological disorders. Mental health is considered to be among the leading concerns that may be associated to the instability of parental input, especially in the minority communities. However, due to a dearth of study on this topic there is a need to investigate this idea further. Access to clean drinking water is a basic human right. The United Nations has stated that a human right is a universal and indivisible standard for equality and the illegality of discrimination. The United Nations also hosted their Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, which dictates international standards for the use and care of international watercourses, with freshwater becoming a concern by the 1990s. As far as environmental freshwater law is concerned, before these international movements existed only the Customary International Law of International Waters as a method of legitimizing water claims for those nations which were forced to share waters. To date there have been over 3,700 international water agreements. The General Assembly of the United Nations’ Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses states in Article 5 that the use of international watercourse must be done so in a manner which can be considered reasonable and equitable to each nation. When contracts exist between two or more parties on an international scale, and conflict emerges, revisions to international law allow for heightened party autonomy in the selection of which rules of law are applied to the conflict, or in some cases to individual components of the conflict. This provides parties with the freedom to choose lower level litigation or higher, international litigation whereby governments get involved. It is the Regulations from Rome I which stipulate that parties have the freedom to select which applicable law they use, something which is argued to be one of the cornerstones to the conflict of law for contractual obligations. This idea is one which is perpetuated among EU contract law, English Traditional Rules, and the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts. The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts which apply to party autonomy in the selection of law influences international contracts wherein each of the parties involved are acting in their given profession, and only to this area and not to consumer contracts or employment contracts. Under this rule, contracts are considered international unless all parties have their establishment inside of the same state, or where the relationships which connect the parties are all connected within one state. Under these revised principles the parties are able to choose the law which is applicable to their entire contract or to just a part of it. They can also select different laws for various components to their contract. This choice is not set in stone such that parties can opt at any time during the legal proceedings to modify or change their decision. Article 3 of The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts pertains directly to the rules of law and it stipulates that the law selected by the parties can be rules of law which are accepted by international law, by supranational law, or by regional law so long as the laws are neutral and balanced. In essence, this revision to the Hague Rules of law give parties the freedom to avoid things such as federal governance, and instead handle local matters at regional levels, or vice versa. Article 7 of the same UN Convention contains the No-Harm Rule which requires all nations who utilize international watercourses to thwart harm to other nations who use the same watercourses through all appropriate measures. However, many nations proceed to dictate fairness, creating international vendettas which revert to Customary International Law. To address the application of underground water, the United Nations fashioned a resolution in 1994 of the International Law Association calling for further studies on how to govern groundwater. Taking the further research and expounding upon the international water laws currently in place, allowing governments to better fulfill their roles is a vital issue. International Freshwater and Watercourse Law are two very closely related facets of Environmental Law, whose birth has encouraged a rapid growth among other subsections of Environmental Law. While relatively new in regards to concerns such as water pollution, international freshwater law is still in infantile stages, desperately in need of revision and growth. While the United Nations Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses was a grand step initiative in dictating international standards for the use and care of international watercourses, Freshwater did not become an international concern until the mid-1990s. It was then that navigation of freshwater was addressed, following by non-navigational use of rivers. However, the conflict now arises from the lack of international allocation of freshwater resources. The number of international treaties pertaining to freshwater regulation have increased rapidly in number. Unfortunately the treaties in question pertain to developed countries. Even so, these treaties often result in no action or resolutions. Because of pollution, use, and distribution, freshwater resources and rivers are often at the height of political conflicts. The Colorado River, Rio Grande, Parana, Rhine, Nile, and Jordan rivers are all examples of how conflict can turn to treaties, military actions, and the desperate need for improved international freshwater law. As the lines between political and environmental issues are continually blurred, the agenda for international freshwater and watercourse law has altered significantly each decade since inception with the introduction of other legal breakthroughs. Environmental law was subject to business law during the 1980s, incorporating human rights law and the rights of women. Deciding how best to rectify the shortage of fresh drinking water, while providing means for better international allocation has produced many options, however each with room for negotiations. Interventions to tackle communicable diseases are already in place through organizations such as WHO and the CDC which offer travel-specific information on how to prevent spreading your illness, how to prevent yourself from becoming ill, and recommendations on how to treat your illness. While this does not stop travel or the spread of disease in and of itself, it is a small step. Recommendations for this are difficult and of course, as with all things, begin with education. By first providing information on communicable disease, the risk of spreading such disease while traveling, and on public health methods for remaining healthy, individuals can be educated about topics which can mitigate the risk of spreading diseases. Well, these are nothing if not wonderful. For additional writing help with your quantitative research essay please check our collection of 20 specifics topic on the matter, sample essay and guide on how to write such type of paper. References: Kastelik, J. A., Thompson, R. H., Aziz, I., Ojoo, J. C., Redington, A. E., Morice, A. H. (2002). Sex-related differences in cough reflex sensitivity in patients with chronic cough.  American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,  166(7), 961-964. Peek M, Cutchin M, Freeman D, Stowe R, Goodwin J. Environmental hazards and stress: evidence from the Texas City Stress and Health Study.  Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2009;63(10):10.1136/jech.2008.079806. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079806. Rausser, Gordon C., Johan Swinnen, and Pinhas Zusman.  Political power and economic policy: theory, analysis, and empirical applications. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Rihoux, BenoiÌ‚t, and Heike M Grimm.  Innovative Comparative Methods For Policy Analysis. New York, NY: Springer, 2006. Print. Sadoulet, Elisabeth, and Alain De Janvry.  Quantitative Development Policy Analysis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Print. Stokey, Nancy L.  Recursive methods in economic dynamics. Harvard University Press, 1989. Woodwell, D. A., Cherry, D. K. (2004). National ambulatory medical care survey: 2002 summary.  Advance data, (346), 1-44.

A World Without Father or Husbands Essays - Matriarchy, Mosuo

A World Without Father or Husbands Essays - Matriarchy, Mosuo Anthropology 10-25-15 A World Without Father or Husbands In Southwest China, near the border of Tibet, stands Lugu Lake. This area is home to the Matriarchal society of the Mosuo people. This ethnic group has culture far different than that of any other Chinese ethnic group. Here, women can have relationships with whomever they please. Men can too, but women earn their respect from doing so. Men dont have much work to do, as women are the driving workforces of the households. It is very evident how women have a higher status in this culture. Usually in other Chinese cities, women are more reserved and are not as respected as the men are. In Lugu Lake, the women are seen laughing and joking around, as well as discussing their multiple lovers. The men always visit the women, as women lose respect if they are the ones visiting. There are no telephones here, so the men will show up to their lovers house without planning. They general visit every two to six months and stay for around four days. The men then leave without a hug or goodbye. These festive visits are very interesting and quite impressive as these women are able to live their lives without any rejection or humiliation from the public, like we do here in America. Women in other countries are usually shamed for being open about their romantic lives. Given, as some of the younger children of the Mosuo people want their fathers to be more involved in their lives, it is clear that modern culture is playing a key influence. Over time, this influence will shape the culture of these people differently. This video definitely relates to our Anthropology class, because we can see how vastly different other cultures are, and how they can change depending on influential factors.

Drug, crime and Violence

Drug, crime and Violence There are several ways through which crime is related to illegal drugs. For example, distribution, manufacturing and possession of outlawed drugs are criminal offenses in the United States and many other parts of the world. Some of the drugs that have been noted to be potentially harmful include amphetamine, morphine, heroin and cocaine. These drugs are frequently abused and also have serious negative effects towards the normal functioning of the human body and mind (MacCoun, Kilmer and Reuter 70).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug, crime and Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are gangs, organized criminals and drug cartels that carry out the production and trafficking of these drugs to designated locations. It is imperative to mention that sexual assaults and robbery with violence are some of the drug-related crimes common in modern society. This essay offers a brief discussion of how the abuse of il legal drugs is related to both crime and violence. Violent crime is an act whereby one person threatens or uses force on another person with the aim of obtaining something forcefully. It may entail murder, robbery, rape or assault (Jacobs 135). There are five types of crimes that are violent according to United States Department of Justice. These include murder, rape or sexual assault, robbery as well as simple and aggravated assault. However, weapons and threats may not necessary be involved in a violent crime (Goldstein 79). This interpretation of violent crime is misleading people because it should entail physical injury. Assault is a form of crime that occurs when an individual threatens or uses force knowingly on another person. Individuals who abuse drugs are highly likely to engage in assault crime because they are not psychologically stable. Rape is another type of violent crime that involves forcible sexual acts against an unwilling partner. Drug abusers also engage in robb ery crime. The latter involves the use of dangerous weapons by the perpetrators. There are several cases of murder that have been related to perpetrators who are drug addicts. It is prudent to mention that drug and violence have been noted to be closely related to each other according to some of the latest crime statistics. Hence, it is necessary for the law enforcing agencies to address the drug menace issue before handling actual cases of crime and violence on the ground. Individual perpetrators who are under the influence of hard drugs such as cocaine, bhang and heroin, are often victims of illegal acquisition and ownership of weapons. These dangerous weapons are then used to commit acts of crime since they need monetary resources to sustain their lives with drugs.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In any case, these drugs are damn expensive and addictive. Therefore, vict ims of drug abuse are emotionally compelled to satisfy their addictive biological systems using any available means (Moore par.2). It is not possible to separate crime and drugs. There is also a direct relationship between poverty and crime alongside the use of illegal drugs. Jacobs (134) notes that most poor people find solace in abusing drugs before even turning into crime. Perhaps, poverty can be linked to drug abuse and the emergence of criminal gangs that peddle and traffic dangerous drugs. Goldstein (96) notes that the increase of violence in the contemporary American society is due to rampant use and excessive abuse of drugs. This implies that the use of drugs, poverty and crime are part and parcel of one significant challenge facing the society today. Therefore, anti drugs abuse and poverty reduction campaigns should be reinforced in order to minimize the rising rate of crime. Goldstein, Paul. â€Å"The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework,† In Jam es Inciardi and Karen McElrath, The American Drug Scene (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Jacobs, Bruce. â€Å"Order Beyond the Law,† In Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence Beyond the Law. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2000. Print. MacCoun Robert, Beau Kilmer and Peter Reuter. Research on Drugs-Crime Linkages: The Next Generation in National Institute of Justice, Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2003. Print. Moore, Solomon. Trying to Break Cycle of Prison at Street Level. 23 Nov. 2007. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/23/us/23mapping.html.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drug, crime and Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Using either the Family or Religion, analyze the development of Essay

Using either the Family or Religion, analyze the development of African American culture before the Civil War - Essay Example In the pre-war era, myriad dynamic changes got experienced in the bid that most of the religious practices changed as from one aspect to the other. This gets historically retrieved from the acts between the 18th and 19th century. Most importantly, the African-American religion changed dramatically2. In relations to the changes experienced in the religion, there were overwhelming convictions that were indispensable. This essay aims at exploring and describing the development of African-American culture in the means of worship3. Initially, the Africans blended their detailed religious practices with the European American elements or worship. This is because their rituals were rather complex and unsuitable to the North American environment. For instance, practices by the African Americans that could have had the basis of ancestral worship and spirit possession were greatly underpinned by the Native Americans and the European Americans4. Some of the common traits of worship that would have proven hard to change in the African American culture included the call-response form of preaching. It shows the might of the African Americans in terms of faith; however, all these practices form the starting point of the American Revolution. Of course, it involves the already settling African Americans5. African-Americans were initiated and accepted in the society as slaves. The pre-American revolution sessions get depicted to have accommodated most of the slaves out of the Christianity helm. That is; very few of the slaves got the chance to engage in Christian practices. The steering factor of this kind of societal structure was because the holders of plantations in which the slaves worked stopped them. According to the Native and European American, granting the blacks the rights of worship could have fostered equality amongst them. Accordingly, the Gramsci notion of hegemony commenced its domineering even towards the beliefs of

Philosophy Historiography Marquis De Sade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy Historiography Marquis De Sade - Essay Example Again, their necessity is being suggested and needed for a person to form a true sense of self and separation from others. In the example of Vlad Dracula, the terrible vampire who used to suck the blood of its victims at night, all three notions of power, pleasure and violence are combined. Dracula is devoid of sympathy, love, caring feelings, but is filled with a strict sense of self. He embodies egoism and selfishness, clearly separating himself from his victims in his being superior to them. Another example in this subject is that of the witch hunts. A few centuries ago, people started fearing people (especially women) who tended to exhibit unusual features, abilities or powers. They could be healers, women who know a rare profession or one that impressed or baffled others. Whatever the case was, these women were denounced as others, witches, evil women that desire to cause harm and evil deeds to others. Everyone who did not fit the normal standards was at risk to be deemed as such, and at a certain time, things got incredibly out of control, as hundreds and thousands of people were cast off and killed due to their different "self", for their being "other", as the community defined it. These and other crazes in the 16th and 17th centuries (but also in other centuries) illustrate that there was a fear of others, of strangers, of people with capabilities that exceed the norm. In other words, a collective sense of self for the community was defined, and anyone who did not live up to those standards and protocols faced a terrible punishment, which was usually death. Here we see the use of violence and power the majority has over the minority, the individuals. We can see that religion has had its part in these matters. First, religion often deals with the issues of power, violence and pleasure. Generally, Christianity (as

Avon Products or GE Money America Case Study Term Paper

Avon Products or GE Money America Case Study - Term Paper Example These issues convince the public and economists that the CEO of Avon Products, Sherilyn McCoy and the rest of the organisation may fail to resuscitate the company's dwindling fortunes, despite McCoy's exemplary leadership record at Johnson & Johnson and other pharmaceuticals (Goldsmith and Carter, 10). At the same time, the company's need for change and restructuring is based on the very company's uncertainty. This is because, despite the qualifications and performance track record that McCoy possesses, yet it is true that Sherilyn McCoy lacks experience which is directly related to sales. In the same wavelength, McCoy's unfamiliarity with the Avon Products' business model means that she will have to face a seriously steep learning curve (Goldsmith and Carter, 16). It is also pointed out that Avon Products lacks adequate and proper resources and manpower to make it in a dynamic market that is graced with seasoned companies such as L'Oreal, for competitors. 2. Identifying the Model fo r Change Theory Typified In the Case Study of Choice The model that can best change theory that is likely to help Avon Products' situation is the planned model. Change theory will also readily necessitate the need to take on the use of decision theory. This is because decision theory suggests that people satisfice during decision making, as collective participation during decision making amplifies room for change. According to Rossotti, this recommendation above involves making plans for changes that need to be developed in order to: define measurable goals; outline the strategic factors that are determinants of success; detail the steps that are to be taken in organisational implementation; and outlining the manner in which commitment is to be realised from chief decision makers (Rossotti, 75). In regard to the proposition above, it will be important that Avon Products refocuses its energies and focus on its client base. This proposition is necessitated by the fact that Avon Produc ts is clearly turning away from focusing on market-centred exploits. It is only by following the change theory strategy that Avon Products will be able to effectively use emerging social media and technologies to make operations more customer-centric. This exploit will help the company identify the most valuable strategies such as direct contacts with potential and prospective client. Discussing Factors That Led To the Identification of the Model Chosen There are several factors that qualify the need to choose the change/ decision theory. The most fundamental of these reasons is the manner in which market trends are becoming too pervasive to be ignored in market competition. Particularly, the online social media has become an indispensible tool in for sales and marketing. The number of consumers who are buying cosmetics and perfumes online continues to increase by the day, and Avon Products must not ignore this phenomenon. Avon Products' arch rivals such as L'Oreal, Sephora, Beauty, Mary Kay and Drugstore have already gone to online marketing as a way of netting in a bigger clients' base. Avon Products' successful initiatives of developing e-catalogues and android and iPhone applications are not enough to net clients in social media, and those on tablets and smart phones. This will call for the application of change theory in Avon Products' chain and systems policy of communication.